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The brain sustains irreversible injury after about 20 minutes of ischemia. [4] Even after blood flow is restored to the brain, patients can experience hours-days of hypotension, hypoxemia, impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, brain edema, fever, hyperglycemia and/or seizures which further insult brain tissue. [5]
The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply). [1] This is typically secondary to stroke, injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack.
Cardiac arrest (also known as sudden cardiac arrest [SCA] [11]) is when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. [12] [1] When the heart stops beating, blood cannot properly circulate around the body and the blood flow to the brain and other organs is decreased.
Unlike cardiac arrest, a heart attack is a circulation problem. When circulation is blocked or cut off in some way and blood is no longer supplied to the heart muscle, this can damage that muscle ...
Similar failure processes are involved in brain failure following reversal of cardiac arrest; [3] control of these processes is the subject of ongoing research. Repeated bouts of ischemia and reperfusion injury also are thought to be a factor leading to the formation and failure to heal of chronic wounds such as pressure sores and diabetic foot ...
Even if CPR is successful after cardiac arrest, patients still have a challenging road ahead, Abella says. ... “Brain injury is a common problem after cardiac arrest to varying extents in ...
Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
Cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms may also be present as the brain loses function, but might also be associated with bleeding. These symptoms are known as Cushing's Triad: hypertension (with widening pulse pressure), irregular respirations (commonly Cheyne-Stokes), bradycardia and in severe cases cardiac arrest. [3] [4]