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Thermal radiation is a common synonym for infrared radiation emitted by objects at temperatures often encountered on Earth. Thermal radiation refers not only to the radiation itself, but also the process by which the surface of an object radiates its thermal energy in the form of black-body radiation. Infrared or red radiation from a common ...
This radiation interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays, muons, protons, antiprotons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, positrons, and neutrons. The dose from cosmic radiation is largely from muons, neutrons, and electrons, with a dose rate that varies in different parts of the world and based ...
Radiation chemistry is a subdivision of nuclear chemistry which studies the chemical effects of ionizing radiation on matter. This is quite different from radiochemistry , as no radioactivity needs to be present in the material which is being chemically changed by the radiation.
Thermal radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer, along with conduction and convection. The primary method by which the Sun transfers heat to the Earth is thermal radiation. This energy is partially absorbed and scattered in the atmosphere, the latter process being the reason why the sky is visibly blue. [3]
The Earth-atmosphere system is radiatively cooled, emitting long-wave radiation which balances the absorption of short-wave (visible light) energy from the sun. Convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and distributing it in the atmosphere.
Also, out of about 340 W/m 2 of reflected shortwave (105 W/m 2) plus outgoing longwave radiation (235 W/m 2), 80-100 W/m 2 exits to space through the infrared window depending on cloudiness. About 40 W/m 2 of this transmitted amount is emitted by the surface, while most of the remainder comes from lower regions of the atmosphere. In a ...
At wavelengths where the atmosphere absorbs surface radiation, some portion of the radiation that was absorbed is replaced by a lesser amount of thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere at a higher altitude. [17] When absorbed, the energy transmitted by this radiation is transferred to the substance that absorbed it. [18]
Radiation heat flow occurs in the direction from the surface to the atmosphere and space, [6] as is to be expected given that the surface is warmer than the atmosphere and space. While greenhouse gases emit thermal radiation downward to the surface, this is part of the normal process of radiation heat transfer. [77]