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The devotional side of the Counter-Reformation combined two strategies of Catholic Renewal. For one, the emphasis of God as an unknowable absolute ruler - a God to be feared - coincided well with the aggressive absolutism of the papacy under Paul IV. But it also opened up new paths toward popular piety and individual religious experience.
The Reformation (1517–1580) challenged the papacy, with figures like Martin Luther labeling it as the Antichrist and criticizing practices like indulgences. [34] In response, the Catholic Church launched the Counter-Reformation , led by Pope Paul III and the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and initiated ...
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, [1] was a major theological movement or period or series of events in Western Christianity in 16th-century Northwestern Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.
The relations between the Catholic Church and the state have been constantly evolving with various forms of government, some of them controversial in retrospect. In its history, the Church has had to deal with various concepts and systems of governance, from the Roman Empire to the medieval divine right of kings, from nineteenth- and twentieth-century concepts of democracy and pluralism to the ...
In the 1140s his work became the dominant legal text. [13] The papacy appreciated and approved the Decretum of Gratian. The Decretum formed the core of the body of canon law upon which a greater legal structure was built. [12] [clarification needed] Before Gratian there was no "jurisprudence of canon law" (system of legal interpretation and ...
The European wars of religion are also known as the Wars of the Reformation. [ 1 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In 1517, Martin Luther 's Ninety-five Theses took only two months to spread throughout Europe with the help of the printing press, overwhelming the abilities of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the papacy to contain it.
The Avignon papacy, followed by the Western Schism, weakened the papacy's authority when there were two popes between 1378 and 1417. It had been hoped that the restoration of the papacy to Rome in the 1430s would result in a church that concentrated on religious affairs, with many pressing issues.
In practice, the popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty over the extensive and mountainous territories of the Papal States, and the region preserved its old system of government, with many small countships and marquisates, each centred upon a fortified rocca.