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The Enqi dialect of the Bai language has an unusually complete series of uvular consonants consisting of the stops /q/, /qʰ/ and /ɢ/, the fricatives /χ/ and /ʁ/, and the nasal /ɴ/. [14] All of these contrast with a corresponding velar consonant of the same manner of articulation. [ 14 ]
Traditionally, contour clicks were believed to be uvular in their rear articulation, whereas non-contour clicks were thought to be velar.However, it is now known that all clicks are uvular, at least in the languages which have been investigated, and that the articulation of these clicks is more complex than that of others but no different in location.
In Arabic and several other Semitic and Berber languages, uvularization is the defining characteristic of the series of "emphatic" coronal consonants. [1] [2] Uvularized consonants in standard Arabic are /sʶ/, /dʶ/, /tʶ/, /ðʶ/, /lʶ/. Regionally there is also /zʶ/ and /rʶ/. Other consonants, and vowels, may be phonetically uvularized.
The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʀ , a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.
Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive. Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
The voiced uvular affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ɢ͡ʁ and ɢ͜ʁ .
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle. The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.
The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ʁ . Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack : ʁ̞ , though some writings [ 1 ] use a superscript ʶ , which is not an official IPA practice.