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Glucose isomerase (also known as xylose isomerase) catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose and D-glucose to D-xylulose and D-fructose. Like most sugar isomerases, glucose isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses. [24] The conversion of glucose to fructose is a key component of high-fructose corn syrup production.
The most widely used application of this enzyme is in the conversion of glucose to fructose to produce high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). [8]: 27 There are three general steps in producing HFCS from starch: [9]: 808–813 enzymatic degradation of the starch using α-amylase. Also known as liquification.
Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism.
Fructose (/ ˈ f r ʌ k t oʊ s,-oʊ z /), or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed by the gut directly into the blood of the portal vein during digestion.
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme ( EC 5.3.1.9) that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19. [4] This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family.
Oligosaccharides of glucose combined with other sugars serve as important energy stores. These include lactose, the predominant sugar in milk, which is a glucose-galactose disaccharide, and sucrose, another disaccharide which is composed of glucose and fructose. Glucose is also added onto certain proteins and lipids in a process called ...
The aldohexose that is most important in biochemistry is D-glucose, which is the main "fuel" for metabolism in many living organisms. The 2-ketohexoses psicose, fructose and tagatose occur naturally as the D-isomers, whereas sorbose occurs naturally as the L-isomer. D-Sorbose is commonly used in the commercial synthesis of ascorbic acid. [10]
One of the known exceptions is in Burkholderia caryophylli, a plant pathogenic bacterium, which contains the enzyme d-threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase which is capable of oxidizing l-glucose. [2] Like the d-isomer, l-glucose usually occurs as one of four cyclic structural isomers—α- and β-l-glucopyranose (the most common, with a six-atom ring ...