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3.5" Floppy disk drive by Alps Electric with FRU number A field-replaceable unit (FRU) [1] is a printed circuit board, part, or assembly that can be quickly and easily removed from a computer or other piece of electronic equipment, and replaced by the user or a technician without having to send the entire product or system to a repair facility.
The BIOS versions in earlier PCs (XT-class) were not software configurable; instead, users set the options via DIP switches on the motherboard. Later computers, including all IBM-compatibles with 80286 CPUs, had a battery-backed nonvolatile BIOS memory (CMOS RAM chip) that held BIOS settings. [ 48 ]
A part of the Intel AMT web management interface, accessible even when the computer is sleeping. Intel Active Management Technology (AMT) is hardware and firmware for remote out-of-band management of select business computers, [1] [2] running on the Intel Management Engine, a microprocessor subsystem not exposed to the user, intended for monitoring, maintenance, updating, and repairing systems ...
Spare parts maintained at this level of repair are known as bench stock. Intermediate-level maintenance deployment can vary widely, and is highly dependent on desired operating conditions. In minimal maintenance concepts, there may be minimal or no I-level maintenance, a system known as two-level maintenance (O-level
Softwares packages and operating systems may require regular updates to correct software bugs and to address security weaknesses. Software updates in computer maintenance [3] are essential for maintaining the functionality and efficiency of systems. These updates often include enhancements that improve the overall performance and stability of ...
Like BIOS, UEFI initializes and tests system hardware components (e.g. memory training, PCIe link training, USB link training on typical x86 systems), and then loads the boot loader from a mass storage device or through a network connection. In x86 systems, the UEFI firmware is usually stored in the NOR flash chip of the motherboard.
Electronic components have a wide range of failure modes. These can be classified in various ways, such as by time or cause. Failures can be caused by excess temperature, excess current or voltage, ionizing radiation, mechanical shock, stress or impact, and many other causes. In semiconductor devices, problems in the device package may cause ...
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