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The ratio for male-to-female is 4:1 with 92% of girls with ADHD receiving a primarily inattentive subtype diagnosis. [39] This difference in gender can be explained, for the majority, by the different ways boys and girls express symptoms of this particular disorder. [46]
The prevalence rate of ADHD was found to be 8.67% in a cross-sectional study done in Tikrit City, Iraq in 2012–2013 among students in 6 primary schools for boys and girls. Male to female ratio was 1.87:1, and boys made up the majority of those affected (65%). 49% of them were younger than 9 years old.
ADHD is diagnosed approximately twice as often in boys as in girls, [5] [331] and 1.6 times more often in men than in women, [5] although the disorder is overlooked in girls or diagnosed in later life because their symptoms sometimes differ from diagnostic criteria.
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This same review reported a global combined prevalence of ADHD of 10% in boys and 5% in girls. [58] While the male-to-female ratio of ADHD diagnoses in childhood is about 2.3:1 in children, it approaches 1.5:1 or lower in adulthood. [15] [9] This is consistent with research revealing underdiagnosis of ADHD in females during childhood. [9]
This meant up to 10% of children in the U.S. were described as having ADHD. Current estimates suggest that ADHD is present internationally in about 7.2% of children. [33] ADHD is diagnosed around 5 times more often in boys than girls. Reasons for this disparity are debated, but likely involve both biological and social/diagnostic factors.
A survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2011–2012 found 11% of children between the ages of 4 and 17 were reported to have ever received a health care provider diagnosis of ADHD at some point (15% of boys and 7% of girls), [182] a 16% increase since 2007 and a 41% increase over the last decade. [183]
ADHD, which affects the majority of boys and 30% of girls with FXS, is frequently treated using stimulants. [11] However, the use of stimulants in the fragile X population is associated with a greater frequency of adverse events including increased anxiety, irritability and mood lability. [29]
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