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The Parliament of Canada is the legislative body of the government of Canada. The Parliament is composed of the House of Commons (lower house), the Senate (upper house), and the sovereign, represented by the governor general. Most major legislation originates from the House, as it is the only body that is directly elected.
The Constitution of Canada is a large number of documents that have been entrenched in the constitution by various means. Regardless of how documents became entrenched, together those documents form the supreme law of Canada; no non-constitutional law may conflict with them, and none of them may be changed without following the amending formula given in Part V of the Constitution Act, 1982.
The following list outlines the structure of the federal government of Canada, the collective set of federal institutions which can be grouped into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. In turn, these are further divided into departments, agencies, and other organizations which support the day-to-day function of the Canadian state.
The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill. The legal system of Canada is pluralist: its foundations lie in the English common law system (inherited from its period as a colony of the British Empire), the French civil law system (inherited from its French Empire past), [1] [2] and Indigenous law systems [3] developed by the various Indigenous Nations.
The division of powers is set out in the Constitution Act, 1867 (originally called the British North America Act, 1867), a key document in the Constitution of Canada. Some amendments to the division of powers have been made in the past century and a half, but the 1867 act still sets out the basic framework of the federal and provincial ...
Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. [55] The monarch is vested with all powers of state [56] and sits at the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority.
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Constitutional Act of 1791 (June 10, 1791) Ninety-Two Resolutions (February 21, 1834) Report of the Royal Commission for the Investigation of all Grievances Affecting His Majesty's Subjects of Lower Canada (1837) Lord John Russell's Ten Resolutions (March 6, 1837) Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada (February 22, 1838)