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Riverscape of the upper course of the Skógá River . In the upper course of rivers, channels are narrow and gradients are steep. [5] Vertical erosion is the prominent land-forming process. Typical features of upper course riverscapes include: Interlocking spurs; Braided channels; V-shaped valleys; Giant's kettles
In geography and geology, fluvial sediment processes or fluvial sediment transport are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by sediments. It can result in the formation of ripples and dunes , in fractal -shaped patterns of erosion, in complex patterns of natural river systems, and in the development of ...
Long-lived river systems can produce a series of terrace surfaces over the course of their geologic lifetime. When rivers flood, sediment deposits in sheets across the floodplain and build up over time. Later, during a time of river erosion, this sediment is cut into, or incised, by the river and flushed downstream. The previous floodplain is ...
The process is often a result of a sudden fall in sea level or the rise of land. The disturbance enables a rise in the river's gravitational potential energy change per unit distance, increasing its riverbed erosion rate. The erosion occurs as a result of the river adjusting to its new base level. [1]
The terms river morphology and its synonym stream morphology are used to describe the shapes of river channels and how they change in shape and direction over time. The morphology of a river channel is a function of a number of processes and environmental conditions, including the composition and erodibility of the bed and banks (e.g., sand, clay, bedrock); erosion comes from the power and ...
The Hjulström curve, named after Filip Hjulström (1902–1982), is a graph used by hydrologists and geologists to determine whether a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment. It was originally published in his doctoral thesis "Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated by the river Fyris. [1]" in 1935. The graph ...
The Bradshaw Model is an idealised geographical model which suggests how a river's characteristics vary between the upper course and lower course of a river. It indicates how discharge, occupied channel width, channel depth, and average load quantity increase downstream, [1] and other properties such as load particle size, channel bed roughness, and gradient as characteristics that decrease.
The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle , again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.