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Breath-holding spells (BHS) are the occurrence of episodic apnea in children, possibly associated with syncope (loss of consciousness and changes in postural tone). Breath-holding spells occur in approximately 5% of the population with equal distribution between males and females.
It usually occurs when the infant is sleeping deeply, but may occur with light sleep or even when awake. Studies have shown that 78% of healthy full-term infants experience episodes of periodic breathing in the first two weeks of life, which typically resolves in the first six months of life. [2]
Central sleep apnea is common in preterm, newborn, and infancy stages but a decrease in risk is found with aging and maturity of the central nervous system. Underlying neurological disorders are the most common cause of CSA in full term infants. Of the apnea related events in preterm infants born at less than 29 weeks, 25% are central in origin ...
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[1] Over 50% of infants who are born preterm are estimated to be affected by apnea of prematurity. [2] Infants who are born weighing less than 1000g have close to a 100% risk of being affected by apnea of prematurity. Most premature infants are affected by 'central' apnea due to the developmental stage of their respiratory tract. [2]
Sleep apnea is somewhat more common in men than women, roughly a 2:1 ratio of men to women, and in general more people are likely to have it with older age and obesity. Other risk factors include being overweight, [19] a family history of the condition, allergies, and enlarged tonsils. [6]
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Apnea (also spelled apnoea in British English) [1] is the temporary cessation of breathing.During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, [citation needed] and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged.