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Steeper approaches require a longer landing distance, which reduces runway throughput at busy airports, and requires longer taxi distances. Airports such as Heathrow and London Luton are trialling slightly steeper approaches (3.2°) to reduce noise, by keeping the aircraft higher for longer and reducing engine power required during descent.
The performance data for landing an aircraft can be obtained from the aircraft's flight manual or pilot's operating handbook. It will state the distance required to bring the aircraft to a stop under ideal conditions, assuming the aircraft crosses the runway threshold at a height of 50 ft, at the correct speed.
A flight path parallel to and in the direction of the landing runway. It is offset from the runway and opposite the downwind leg. Crosswind leg. A short climbing flight path at right angles to the departure end of the runway. Downwind leg. A long level flight path parallel to but in the opposite direction of the landing runway.
These distances are also influenced by the runway grade (slope) such that, for example, each 1 percent of runway down slope increases the landing distance by 10 percent. [ 39 ] An aircraft taking off at a higher altitude must do so at reduced weight due to decreased density of air at higher altitudes, which reduces engine power and wing lift.
Few airplanes can operate with conventional takeoff and vertical landing (and its subtypes STOVL, CATOVL) as the F-35B. Horizontal takeoff and vertical landing ( HTVL ) in spaceflight has not been used, but has been proposed for some systems that use a two-stage to orbit launch system with a plane based first stage, and a capsule return vehicle.
An aircraft is streamlined from nose to tail to reduce drag making it advantageous to keep the sideslip angle near zero, though an aircraft may be deliberately "sideslipped" to increase drag and descent rate during landing, to keep aircraft heading same as runway heading during cross-wind landings and during flight with asymmetric power.
On landing behind an airplane the aircraft should stay above the earlier one's flight path and touch down further along the runway. [11] Glider pilots routinely practice flying in wingtip vortices when they do a maneuver called "boxing the wake". This involves descending from the higher to lower position behind a tow plane.
The maximal total range is the maximum distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing. Powered aircraft range is limited by the aviation fuel energy storage capacity (chemical or electrical) considering both weight and volume limits. [1] Unpowered aircraft range depends on factors such as cross-country speed and environmental conditions.