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The Penal laws also imposed various forfeitures, civil penalties, and civil disabilities upon recusants from mandatory attendance at weekly Sunday services of the Established Church. The penal laws in general were repealed in the early 19th-century due to the successful activism of Daniel O'Connell for Catholic Emancipation .
The law has therefore been reformed in many ways. [34] One important reform, introduced in England and Wales by statute is the diminished responsibility defence. The requirements are usually more lax, for instance, being "an abnormality of mind" which "substantially impair[s] mental responsibility for his acts and omission in doing or being a ...
History of the Criminal Law of England (1883). Radzinowicz, Sir Leon. A History of English Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750. 5 volumes. 1948 to 1990. John Hostettler. A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales. Waterside Press. 2009. Google Books; John Hamilton Baker. An Introduction to English Legal History. Third Edition.
Similar laws were introduced in Scotland with respect to the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and also in Ireland, where the minority Anglican Church of Ireland had penal laws set up in its favour to allow the Anglo-Irish minority to maintain control of land, law and politics as part of the Protestant Ascendancy.
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The judiciary is independent , and legal principles like fairness , equality before the law , and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Attorney-General Sir John Holker said: . Surely, it is a desirable thing that anybody who may want to know the law on a particular subject should be able to turn to a chapter of the Code, and there find the law he is in search of explained in a few intelligible and well-constructed sentences; nor would he have to enter upon a long examination of Russell on Crimes, or Archbold, and other text ...
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Penal laws may refer to: Criminal law; Penal law (British), laws to uphold the establishment of the Church of England against Catholicism; Penal laws (Ireland), laws to coerce the Irish to accept the anglican Church of Ireland from 1695-1829; Penal laws against the Welsh 1401–2, Laws against the Welsh people to coerce obedience to English rule