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The midpoint method computes + so that the red chord is approximately parallel to the tangent line at the midpoint (the green line). In numerical analysis , a branch of applied mathematics , the midpoint method is a one-step method for numerically solving the differential equation ,
Sigmoid functions most often show a return value (y axis) in the range 0 to 1. Another commonly used range is from −1 to 1. A wide variety of sigmoid functions including the logistic and hyperbolic tangent functions have been used as the activation function of artificial neurons.
Romberg's method is a Newton–Cotes formula – it evaluates the integrand at equally spaced points. The integrand must have continuous derivatives, though fairly good results may be obtained if only a few derivatives exist.
The formula above is obtained by combining the composite Simpson's 1/3 rule with the one consisting of using Simpson's 3/8 rule in the extreme subintervals and Simpson's 1/3 rule in the remaining subintervals. The result is then obtained by taking the mean of the two formulas.
If = (+) / for all i, the method is the midpoint rule [2] [3] and gives a middle Riemann sum. If f ( x i ∗ ) = sup f ( [ x i − 1 , x i ] ) {\displaystyle f(x_{i}^{*})=\sup f([x_{i-1},x_{i}])} (that is, the supremum of f {\textstyle f} over [ x i − 1 , x i ] {\displaystyle [x_{i-1},x_{i}]} ), the method is the upper rule and gives an upper ...
Fitting of a noisy curve by an asymmetrical peak model, with an iterative process (Gauss–Newton algorithm with variable damping factor α).Curve fitting [1] [2] is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, [3] possibly subject to constraints.
The main objective of interval arithmetic is to provide a simple way of calculating upper and lower bounds of a function's range in one or more variables. These endpoints are not necessarily the true supremum or infimum of a range since the precise calculation of those values can be difficult or impossible; the bounds only need to contain the function's range as a subset.
The y arc elasticity of x is defined as: , = % % where the percentage change in going from point 1 to point 2 is usually calculated relative to the midpoint: % = (+) /; % = (+) /. The use of the midpoint arc elasticity formula (with the midpoint used for the base of the change, rather than the initial point (x 1, y 1) which is used in almost all other contexts for calculating percentages) was ...