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Thus at 3.5% inflation using the rule of 70, it should take approximately 70/3.5 = 20 years for the value of a unit of currency to halve. [ 1 ] To estimate the impact of additional fees on financial policies (e.g., mutual fund fees and expenses , loading and expense charges on variable universal life insurance investment portfolios), divide 72 ...
In theoretical physics, when Albert Einstein originally tried to produce a general theory of relativity, he found that the theory seemed to predict the gravitational collapse of the universe: it seemed that the universe should be collapsing, and to produce a model in which the universe was static and stable (which seemed to Einstein at the time to be the "proper" result), he introduced an ...
in the Einstein frame. As a result, the inflationary scenario associated to this potential or to an action including an term are referred to as Starobinsky inflation. To distinguish, models using the original, more complete, quantum effective action are then called (trace)-anomaly induced inflation. [9] [10]
The Cauchy problem (sometimes called the initial value problem) is the attempt at finding a solution to a differential equation given initial conditions. In the context of general relativity , it means the problem of finding solutions to Einstein's field equations - a system of hyperbolic partial differential equations - given some initial data ...
The initial value formulation of general relativity is a reformulation of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity that describes a universe evolving over time.. Each solution of the Einstein field equations encompasses the whole history of a universe – it is not just some snapshot of how things are, but a whole spacetime: a statement encompassing the state of matter and geometry ...
The quantity theory of money (often abbreviated QTM) is a hypothesis within monetary economics which states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation (i.e., the money supply), and that the causality runs from money to prices. This implies that the theory potentially ...
The Einstein field equations are nonlinear and considered difficult to solve. Einstein used approximation methods in working out initial predictions of the theory. But in 1916, the astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild found the first non-trivial exact solution to the Einstein field equations, the Schwarzschild metric. This solution laid the ...
In equilibrium Z=D. D can be decomposed as D 1 +D 2 where D 1 is the propensity to consume, which may be written C(Y) or χ(N). D 2 is explained as 'the volume of investment', and the equilibrium condition determining the level of employment is that D 1 +D 2 should equal Z as functions of N. D 2 can be identified with I (r).