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  2. Horizon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon

    For example, for an observer B with a height of h B =1.70 m standing on the ground, the horizon is D B =4.65 km away. For a tower with a height of h L =100 m, the horizon distance is D L =35.7 km. Thus an observer on a beach can see the top of the tower as long as it is not more than D BL =40.35 km away.

  3. Visibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visibility

    Foggy morning road On clear days, Tel Aviv's skyline is visible from the Carmel mountains, 80 km north. In extremely clean air in Arctic or mountainous areas, the visibility can be up to 240 km (150 miles) where there are large markers such as mountains or high ridges. However, visibility is often reduced somewhat by air pollution and high ...

  4. Radar horizon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_horizon

    The radar horizon with an antenna height of 75 feet (23 m) over the ocean is 10-mile (16 km). However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in density. With a standard atmosphere, electromagnetic waves are generally bent or refracted downward.

  5. Celestial navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation

    A diagram of a typical nautical sextant, a tool used in celestial navigation to measure the angle between two objects viewed by means of its optical sight. Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is the practice of position fixing using stars and other celestial bodies that enables a navigator to accurately determine their actual current physical position in space or on the ...

  6. Comparison of free off-line satellite navigation software

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_off...

    Some of the free software mentioned here does not have detailed maps (or maps at all) or the ability to follow streets or type in street names (no geocoding). However, in many cases, it is also that which makes the program free (and sometimes open source [ 1 ] ), avoid the need of an Internet connection, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and make it very ...

  7. Azimuthal equidistant projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant...

    With the circumference of the Earth being approximately 40,000 km (24,855 mi), the maximum distance that can be displayed on an azimuthal equidistant projection map is half the circumference, or about 20,000 km (12,427 mi). For distances less than 10,000 km (6,214 mi) distortions are minimal.

  8. Heightmap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heightmap

    A heightmap contains one channel interpreted as a distance of displacement or "height" from the "floor" of a surface and sometimes visualized as luma of a grayscale image, with black representing minimum height and white representing maximum height. When the map is rendered, the designer can specify the amount of displacement for each unit of ...

  9. Viewshed analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewshed_Analysis

    For example, if the analysis is to determine the location of a radio tower, the height of the tower could be added to the elevation of that location (cell value). If no height is given, then the viewshed analysis uses the cell value of the DEM in which the tower is located. Another way to add the height of the tower is to use an offset variable.