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French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.
French phonology is the sound system of French.This article discusses mainly the phonology of all the varieties of Standard French.Notable phonological features include the uvular r present in some accents, nasal vowels, and three processes affecting word-final sounds:
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of French on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of French in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
French speakers tend as much as possible to avoid a hiatus or a succession of two consonants between two words, in a more or less artificial way. The Académie Française considers careful pronunciation (but without the mandatory reading of "null e ' s") to be necessary in a formal setting.
French also shows enormous phonetic changes between the Old French period and the modern language. Spelling, however, has barely changed, which accounts for the wide differences between current spelling and pronunciation. Some of the most profound changes have been: The loss of almost all final consonants.
In 1886, a group of French and English language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, l'Association phonétique internationale). [6] The idea of the alphabet had been suggested to Passy by Otto Jespersen.
Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written ll as in llei (law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written l·l as in col·lega (colleague). [citation needed] The difference can be illustrated with the French digraph œu, which is composed of the ligature œ and the simplex letter u. [citation needed]
The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is l , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.
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