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Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach; Nonstandard calculus; Infinitesimal; Archimedes' use of infinitesimals; For further developments: see list of real analysis topics, list of complex analysis topics, list of multivariable calculus topics
As with the Hilbert problems, one of the prize problems (the Poincaré conjecture) was solved relatively soon after the problems were announced. The Riemann hypothesis is noteworthy for its appearance on the list of Hilbert problems, Smale's list, the list of Millennium Prize Problems, and even the Weil conjectures, in its geometric guise.
Calculus focuses on rates of change (within functions), such as accelerations, curves, and slopes. The development of calculus is credited to Archimedes, Bhaskara, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton; lesser credit is given to Isaac Barrow, René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Christiaan Huygens, and John Wallis.
In mathematics, Hilbert's fourth problem in the 1900 list of Hilbert's problems is a foundational question in geometry.In one statement derived from the original, it was to find — up to an isomorphism — all geometries that have an axiomatic system of the classical geometry (Euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic), with those axioms of congruence that involve the concept of the angle dropped ...
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [4] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [5] Of course, some subclasses of these problems are decidable.
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[4] [5] automatic differentiation In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation (AD), also called algorithmic differentiation or computational differentiation, [6] [7] is a set of techniques to numerically evaluate the derivative of a function specified by a computer program. AD exploits the fact that every computer program, no ...
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