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  2. Trifunctional hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis

    Cristiano Grottanelli states that while Dumézilian trifunctionalism may be seen in modern and medieval contexts, its projection onto earlier cultures is mistaken. [19] Belier is strongly critical. [20]

  3. Estates of the realm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm

    The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time. [1] [2]

  4. State formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_formation

    Dominant frameworks emphasize the superiority of the state as an organization for waging war and extracting resources. Prominent theories for medieval, early modern, and modern state formation emphasize the roles of warfare, commerce, contracts, and cultural diffusion in ushering in the state as a dominant organizational form.

  5. Kayastha - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha

    [10] [11] Kayasthas, along with Brahmins, had access to formal education as well as their own system of teaching administration, including accountancy, in the early-medieval India. [12] Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan ...

  6. Casta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta

    Casta paintings produced largely in 18th-century Mexico have influenced modern understandings of race in Spanish America, a concept which began infiltrating Bourbon Spain from France and Northern Europe during this time. [citation needed] They purport to show a fixed "system" of racial hierarchy which has been disputed by modern academia.

  7. Government in late medieval England - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_late...

    The government of the Kingdom of England in the Middle Ages was a monarchy based on the principles of feudalism. The king possessed ultimate executive, legislative, and judicial power. However, some limits to the king's authority had been imposed by the 13th century.

  8. Vijayanagara Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire

    The Vijayanagara Empire (/ v ɪ ˌ dʒ ə j ə ˈ n ə ɡ ə r ə /; also known as the Karnata Kingdom) was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of southern India.It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, belonging to the Yadava clan of Chandravamsa lineage.

  9. Medieval and early modern Africa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_and_early_modern...

    With the migration of Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam, and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merka, which were part of the Barbar ...