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Edwin Ray Guthrie (/ ˈ ɡ ʌ θ r i /; January 9, 1886 – April 23, 1959) was a behavioral psychologist who began his career in mathematics and philosophy.He spent most of his career at the University of Washington, where he became a full professor and then an emeritus professor in psychology.
Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. [1] [2] It assumes that behavior is either a reflex elicited by the pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment contingencies, together with the individual's current motivational state and ...
Social learning theory is a theory of social behavior that proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. It states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. [1]
It combines the study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. [1] Tolman thought that learning developed from knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates to its environment. [2] Tolman's goal was to identify the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behavior. [3]
Radical behaviorism is a "philosophy of the science of behavior" developed by B. F. Skinner. [1] It refers to the philosophy behind behavior analysis, and is to be distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of human and animal psychology. [2]
William D. Timberlake (19 November 1942 – 17 October 2019) was a psychologist and animal behavior scientist. [1] [2] [3] His work included behavioral economics, contrast effects, spatial cognition, adjunctive behavior, time horizons, and circadian entrainment of feeding and drug use.
He was born on January 9, 1878. [2] [6] His father, Pickens Butler Watson, was an alcoholic and left the family to live with two Indian women when John was 13 years old—a transgression which he never forgave. [7]
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (known in linguistic circles simply as Aspects [1]) is a book on linguistics written by American linguist Noam Chomsky, first published in 1965. In Aspects , Chomsky presented a deeper, more extensive reformulation of transformational generative grammar (TGG), a new kind of syntactic theory that he had introduced ...