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In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a local minimum of a business cycle. The time evolution of many economics variables exhibits a wave-like behavior with local maxima (peaks) followed by local minima (troughs). A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks. [1] [2]
In addition to the absolute pass-through that uses incremental values (i.e., $2 cost shock causing $1 increase in price yields a 50% pass-through rate), some researchers use pass-through elasticity, where the ratio is calculated based on percentage change of price and cost (for example, with elasticity of 0.5, a 2% increase in cost yields a 1% increase in price).
Exchange-rate pass-through (ERPT) is a measure of how responsive international prices are to changes in exchange rates.. Formally, exchange-rate pass-through is the elasticity of local-currency import prices with respect to the local-currency price of foreign currency.
A recession begins when the economy reaches a peak of economic activity and ends when the economy reaches its trough. Economic Recessions in the U.S. Recessions are a normal part of the business ...
Put plainly, a drawdown is the “pain” period experienced by an investor between a peak (new highs) and subsequent valley (a low point before moving higher) in the value of an investment. [citation needed] The Maximum Drawdown, more commonly referred to as Max DD, is the worst (the maximum) peak to valley loss since the investment’s inception.
Refundable lump-sum tax rebates, the policy used in the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, had the second-largest multiplier for a tax cut, 1.26. [7] According to Otto Eckstein, estimation has found "textbook" values of multipliers are overstated. The following table has assumptions about monetary policy along the left hand side.
A Törnqvist or Törnqvist-Theil price index is the weighted geometric mean of the price relatives using arithmetic averages of the value shares in the two periods as weights. [ 1 ] The data used are prices and quantities in two time-periods, (t-1) and (t), for each of n goods which are indexed by i .
The measurement of economic worth over time is the problem of relating past prices, costs, values and proportions of social production to current ones. For a number of reasons, relating any past indicator to a current indicator of worth is theoretically and practically difficult for economists , historians , and political economists .