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Lawrence's 60-inch (152 cm) cyclotron, c. 1939, showing the beam of accelerated ions (likely protons or deuterons) exiting the machine and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow. A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, [1] [2] and patented in 1932.
This 400KeV electron accelerator was the first operational FFA accelerator. The large rectangular part on the right is the betatron transformer core. The idea of fixed-field alternating-gradient synchrotrons was developed independently in Japan by Tihiro Ohkawa , in the United States by Keith Symon , and in Russia by Andrei Kolomensky .
The first synchrotron to use the "racetrack" design with straight sections, a 300 MeV electron synchrotron at University of Michigan in 1949, designed by Dick Crane.. A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path.
Fermitron was an accelerator sketched by Enrico Fermi on a notepad in the 1940s proposing an accelerator in stable orbit around the Earth. The undulator radiation collider [7] is a design for an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy around the GUT scale. It would be light-weeks across and require the construction of a Dyson swarm around the Sun.
A synchrocyclotron is a special type of cyclotron, patented by Edwin McMillan in 1952, in which the frequency of the driving RF electric field is varied to compensate for relativistic effects as the particles' velocity begins to approach the speed of light. This is in contrast to the classical cyclotron, where this frequency is constant. [1]
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies to contain them in well-defined beams. [1] [2] Small accelerators are used for fundamental research in particle physics. Accelerators are also used as synchrotron light sources for the study of condensed matter physics.
The Accelerator Division, responsible for the operation, maintenance, and upgrades required for all of the 520 MeV Cyclotron, ISAC, and TR-13 facilities. It is also responsible for the design, construction and commissioning of future on-site accelerators, and provides support for external accelerator projects.
Sextupole electromagnet as used within the storage ring of the Australian Synchrotron to focus and steer the electron beam. In accelerator physics strong focusing or alternating-gradient focusing is the principle that, using sets of multiple electromagnets, it is possible to make a particle beam simultaneously converge in both directions perpendicular to the direction of travel.