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The exponents 000 16 and 7ff 16 have a special meaning: . 00000000000 2 =000 16 is used to represent a signed zero (if F = 0) and subnormal numbers (if F ≠ 0); and; 11111111111 2 =7ff 16 is used to represent ∞ (if F = 0) and NaNs (if F ≠ 0),
3f80 = 0 01111111 0000000 = 1 c000 = 1 10000000 0000000 = −2 7f7f = 0 11111110 1111111 = (2 8 − 1) × 2 −7 × 2 127 ≈ 3.38953139 × 10 38 (max finite positive value in bfloat16 precision) 0080 = 0 00000001 0000000 = 2 −126 ≈ 1.175494351 × 10 −38 (min normalized positive value in bfloat16 precision and single-precision floating point)
Be aware that the bit numbering used here for e.g. b 9 … b 0 is in opposite direction than that used in the document for the IEEE 754 standard b 0 … b 9, add. the decimal digits are numbered 0-base here while in opposite direction and 1-based in the IEEE 754 paper. The bits on white background are not counting for the value, but signal how ...
For numbers with a base-2 exponent part of 0, i.e. numbers with an absolute value higher than or equal to 1 but lower than 2, an ULP is exactly 2 −23 or about 10 −7 in single precision, and exactly 2 −53 or about 10 −16 in double precision. The mandated behavior of IEEE-compliant hardware is that the result be within one-half of a ULP.
As the magnitude of the value decreases, the amount of extra precision also decreases. Therefore, the smallest number in the normalized range is narrower than double precision. The smallest number with full precision is 1000...0 2 (106 zeros) × 2 −1074, or 1.000...0 2 (106 zeros) × 2 −968. Numbers whose magnitude is smaller than 2 −1021 ...
All integers with seven or fewer decimal digits, and any 2 n for a whole number −149 ≤ n ≤ 127, can be converted exactly into an IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point value. In the IEEE 754 standard, the 32-bit base-2 format is officially referred to as binary32; it was called single in IEEE 754-1985.
This is described in a SIGGRAPH 2000 paper [6] (see section 4.3) and further documented in US patent 7518615. [7] It was popularized by its use in the open-source OpenEXR image format. Nvidia and Microsoft defined the half datatype in the Cg language , released in early 2002, and implemented it in silicon in the GeForce FX , released in late ...
A simple method to add floating-point numbers is to first represent them with the same exponent. In the example below, the second number is shifted right by 3 digits. We proceed with the usual addition method: The following example is decimal, which simply means the base is 10. 123456.7 = 1.234567 × 10 5 101.7654 = 1.017654 × 10 2 = 0. ...