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In United States Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter <711> Dissolution, there are four dissolution apparatuses standardized and specified. [6] They are: USP Dissolution Apparatus 1 – Basket (37 °C ± 0.5 °C ) USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 – Paddle (37 °C ± 0.5 °C) USP Dissolution Apparatus 3 – Reciprocating Cylinder (37 °C ± 0.5 °C)
Deuterated chloroform is a general purpose NMR solvent, as it is not very chemically reactive and unlikely to exchange its deuterium with its solute, [9] and its low boiling point allows for easy sample recovery. It, however, it is incompatible with strongly basic, nucleophilic, or reducing analytes, including many organometallic compounds.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), also called EDTA acid, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH 2 N(CH 2 CO 2 H) 2] 2.This white, slightly water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe 2+ /Fe 3+) and calcium ions (Ca 2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH.
Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) is a two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low-grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent.
An inorganic nonaqueous solvent is a solvent other than water, that is not an organic compound. These solvents are used in chemical research and industry for reactions that cannot occur in aqueous solutions or require a special environment. Inorganic nonaqueous solvents can be classified into two groups, protic solvents and aprotic solvents.
In general terms, any solvent that contains a labile H + is called a protic solvent. The molecules of such solvents readily donate protons (H +) to solutes, often via hydrogen bonding. Water is the most common protic solvent. Conversely, polar aprotic solvents cannot donate protons but still have the ability to dissolve many salts. [1] [2]
In solvent casting and particulate leaching (SCPL), a polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent. Particles, mainly salts, with specific dimensions are then added to the solution. The mixture is shaped into its final geometry. For example, it can be cast onto a glass plate to produce a membrane or in a three-dimensional mold to produce a scaffold.
Gamma-Butyrolactone is used as a chemical solvent and a cleaning agent, [15] for example in paint stripping or for cleaning graffiti. [16] Butyrolactone is a precursor to other chemicals. Reaction with methylamine gives NMP, and with ammonia gives pyrrolidone. It is also used as a solvent in lotions and some polymers. [5]