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The law can be formulated mathematically in the fields of fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics, where the conservation of mass is usually expressed using the continuity equation, given in differential form as + =, where is the density (mass per unit volume), is the time, is the divergence, and is the flow velocity field.
21.5 trillion kilocalories (≈ 21 Pcal) [note 4] 85.2 trillion BTUs [note 4] 0.0852 quads or the energy released by combustion of the following: 21 500 kilotons of TNT-equivalent energy (≈ 21 Mt) [note 4] 2 630 000 000 litres or 695 000 000 US gallons of automotive gasoline; Any time energy is released, the process can be evaluated from an E ...
Mass fraction can also be expressed, with a denominator of 100, as percentage by mass (in commercial contexts often called percentage by weight, abbreviated wt.% or % w/w; see mass versus weight). It is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture in a dimensionless size ; mole fraction (percentage by moles , mol%) and volume fraction ...
where w C, w H, w S, w O refer to the mass fraction of each element in the fuel oil, sulfur burning to SO 2, and AFR mass refers to the air-fuel ratio in mass units. For 1 kg of fuel oil containing 86.1% C, 13.6% H, 0.2% O, and 0.1% S the stoichiometric mass of air is 14.56 kg, so AFR = 14.56. The combustion product mass is then 15.56 kg.
According to Betz's law, no wind turbine of any mechanism can capture more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known as Betz's coefficient. Practical utility-scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75–80% of the Betz limit. [2] [3] The Betz limit is based on an open-disk actuator.
, is the fuel mass fraction at the droplet surface (-), is the fuel mass fraction far away from the droplet surface (-) The 1/3 averaging rule, =, is often recommended in the literature [4] [5] The conservation equation of mass simplifies to:
In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.
Conversion and its related terms yield and selectivity are important terms in chemical reaction engineering.They are described as ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted (X — conversion, normally between zero and one), how much of a desired product was formed (Y — yield, normally also between zero and one) and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product(s) (S ...