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Furin is one of the proteases responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of HIV envelope polyprotein precursor gp160 to gp120 and gp41 prior to viral assembly. [13] This protease is also thought to play a role in tumor progression. [7] The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for the FURIN gene. [citation needed]
One of the most well-known PPCs is furin.Furin is a serine endoprotease which cleaves protein precursors carboxyterminal of basic residues in motifs such as Arg–X–X–Arg and Lys/Arg–Arg. Cleavage usually results in activation of the proprotein but can also inactivate or modify the activity.
[5] [7] [9] Coronaviruses vary in which part of the viral life cycle these cleavages occur, particularly the S1/S2 cleavage. Many coronaviruses are cleaved at S1/S2 before viral exit from the virus-producing cell, by furin and other proprotein convertases; [7] in SARS-CoV-2 a polybasic furin cleavage site is present at this position.
This is cleaved into functional units by the three proteases: P1 protease (1 cleavage site), helper-component protease (1 cleavage site) and TEV protease (7 cleavage sites). [1] The native TEV protease also contains an internal self-cleavage site. This site is slowly cleaved to inactivate the enzyme (the physiological reason for this is unknown).
Olvera de la Cruz and Qiao found that the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the human cell receptor hACE2 can be strongly decreased by mutating or blocking the polybasic cleavage site (known as the furin cleavage site), [25] providing a mechanism to decrease COVID 19 infection, as subsequently demonstrated ...
However, since we observed all notable SARS-CoV-2 features, including the optimized RBD and polybasic cleavage site, in related coronaviruses in nature, we do not believe that any type of laboratory-based scenario is plausible. [3]
The 10-30 nucleotide upstream signaling region of the cleavage site, polyadenylation signal (PAS), has the canonical nucleotide sequence AAUAAA, which is highly conserved across the vast majority of pre-mRNAs. The AAUAAA region is usually defined by a cytosine/adenine (CA) dinucleotide, which is the preferred sequence, that is 5' to the site of ...
Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC, EC 3.1.4.11, triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase; systematic name 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5 ...