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The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
European guidelines classify a pre-existing decreased kidney function to be a risk factor of contrast-induced nephropathy in the following cases: [5]. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 45 ml/min/1.73 m 2 of body surface area before intra-arterial administration with first-pass renal exposure (not passing lungs or peripheral circulation before kidneys), or in the intensive care unit
MDCalc is a free online medical reference for healthcare professionals that provides point-of-care clinical decision-support tools, including medical calculators, scoring systems, and algorithms. [1] MDCalc is also a mobile and web app. [ 2 ] The decision-support tools are based on published clinical research, [ 3 ] and MDCalc’s content is ...
A risk score is a metric used in statistics, biostatistics, econometrics and related disciplines to stratify a population for targeted screening. It assigns scores to ...
A high score corresponds to a greater risk of stroke, while a low score corresponds to a lower risk of stroke. The CHADS 2 score is simple and has been validated by many studies. [2] In clinical use, the CHADS 2 score (pronounced "chads two") has been superseded by the CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score ("chads vasc" [3]), which gives a better ...
Contrast-induced nephropathy is defined as either a greater than 25% increase of serum creatinine or an absolute increase in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL. [26] Iodinated contrast may be toxic to the kidneys , especially when given via the arteries prior to studies such as catheter coronary angiography.
[2] [3] For a physician, this score is helpful in deciding how aggressively to treat a condition. It is one of the most widely used scoring system for comorbidities. [ 4 ] The index was developed by Mary Charlson and colleagues in 1987, but the methodology has been adapted several times since then based on the findings of additional studies. [ 5 ]
Because risk scores such as the Framingham Risk Score give an indication of the likely benefits of prevention, they are useful for both the individual patient and for the clinician in helping decide whether lifestyle modification and preventive medical treatment and for patient education, by identifying men and women at increased risk for future cardiovascular events.