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An example implementation given consists of copper rods buried 0.3-0.5m below ground, and spaced 3-7m apart. In situations where space is at a premium, or other difficulties prevent the construction of a proper grounding grid, ground rods may be driven in deeper, and a wire mat may also be used. [2]
Interference mitigation and hence electromagnetic compatibility may be achieved by addressing any or all of these issues, i.e., quieting the sources of interference, inhibiting coupling paths and/or hardening the potential victims. In practice, many of the engineering techniques used, such as grounding and shielding, apply to all three issues.
Most circuits have the metallic components interconnected with a grounding wire connected to the third, round prong of a plug, and to metal boxes and appliance chassis. Furnaces, electric water heaters, heat pumps, central air conditioning units, electric dryers, electric stoves or cooktops, and built-in microwave ovens must be on dedicated ...
In a microwave oven a waveguide transfers power from the magnetron, where waves are formed, to the cooking chamber. In a radar, a waveguide transfers radio frequency energy to and from the antenna, where the impedance needs to be matched for efficient power transmission (see below).
Optical fibers are used by utilities as an alternative to private point to point microwave systems, power line carrier or communication circuits on metallic cables. OPGW as a communication medium has some advantages over buried optical fiber cable. Installation cost per kilometre is lower than a buried cable.
Microwave signals are normally limited to the line of sight, so long-distance transmission using these signals requires a series of repeaters forming a microwave relay network. It is possible to use microwave signals in over-the-horizon communications using tropospheric scatter , but such systems are expensive and generally used only in ...
The grounding system must also have a minimum of two or more earth pits (electrodes) to better ensure proper grounding. According to rule 42, an installation with a connected load above 5 kW exceeding 250 V shall have a suitable earth leakage protective device to isolate the load in case of earth fault or leakage.
At microwave frequencies, this material is usually a ferrite which is biased by a static magnetic field [1] but can be a self-biased material. [2] The ferrite is positioned within the isolator such that the microwave signal presents it with a rotating magnetic field, with the rotation axis aligned with the direction of the static bias field.