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The forward testing effect indicates that educators should encourage students to study using testing techniques rather than restudying information repeatedly. [ 2 ] The forward testing effect has received significant coverage across the scientific community , especially over the last decade, due to the increasing focus on new memory techniques ...
For example, if one constantly sees a knife and a fork together they become linked (associated). The more these two items (stimuli) are perceived together the stronger the link between them. When one of the memories becomes activated later on, the linked (contiguously associated) memory becomes temporarily more activated and thus easier to be ...
For example, behaviors increase in strength and/or frequency when they have been followed by reward. This occurs because of an association between the behavior and a mental representation of the reward (such as food). Conversely, receiving a negative consequence lowers the frequency of the behavior due to the negative association. [7]
Pre-testing can be used to get greater results, [92] [93] and the post-testing can be used to facilitate learning and memory of newly studied information, known as the forward testing effect. [94] Pre-test or practice test accuracy doesn't predict post test results as time affects forgetting [ 95 ]
Association of ideas, or mental association, is a process by which representations arise in consciousness, and also for a principle put forward by an important historical school of thinkers to account generally for the succession of mental phenomena. [1]
The method of free association has no linear or preplanned agenda, but works by intuitive leaps and linkages which may lead to new personal insights and meanings: "the logic of association is a form of unconscious thinking". [12]
The former is known as backward telescoping or time expansion, and the latter as is known as forward telescoping. [ 1 ] The approximate time frame in which events switch from being displaced backward in time to forward in time is three years, with events occurring three years in the past being equally likely to be reported with forward ...
Recent advances in psychological, medical, and physiological research have led to a new way of thinking about health and illness. This conceptualization, which has been labeled the biopsychosocial model, views health and illness as the product of a combination of factors including biological characteristics (e.g., genetic predisposition), behavioral factors (e.g., lifestyle, stress, health ...