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While the usual dose of chloroquine used in treatment is 10 mg/kg, toxicity begins to occur at 20 mg/kg, and death may occur at 30 mg/kg. [24] In children as little as a single tablet can be fatal. [25] [16] Treatment recommendations include early mechanical ventilation, cardiac monitoring, and activated charcoal. [24]
The drug should be given in doses between 25 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg over three days in a similar method to that used in chloroquine administration. Adverse reactions are generally similar in severity and type to that seen in chloroquine treatment. [11] In addition, bradycardia, itching, nausea, vomiting and some abdominal pain have been recorded.
It is approved in the United States as a treatment and preventive measure against malaria. [6] The combination is considered to be more effective in treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum than that caused by P. vivax, for which chloroquine is considered more effective, though in the absence of a species-specific diagnosis, the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination may be indicated. [7]
Primaquine is a medication used to treat and prevent malaria and to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia. [2] Specifically it is used for malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale along with other medications and for prevention if other options cannot be used. [2] It is an alternative treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia together with ...
The risk of toxicity is low for individuals without complicating conditions during the first five years of treatment using less than 6.5 mg/kg/day of hydroxychloroquine or 3 mg/kg/day of chloroquine, and/or cumulative doses of less than 1000 gram and 460 gram (total dose), respectively.
On 1 April 2020, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued guidance that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are only to be used in clinical trials or emergency use programs. [ 43 ] On 9 April 2020, the National Institutes of Health began the first clinical trial to assess whether hydroxychloroquine is safe and effective to treat COVID-19.
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A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition. [ 10 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations .