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For example, Microsoft SQL Server comes with SQL Server Management Studio and Oracle has tools such as SQL*Plus and Oracle Enterprise Manager/Grid Control. In addition, 3rd parties such as BMC, Quest Software , Embarcadero Technologies , patchVantage and SQL Maestro Group offer GUI tools to monitor the DBMS and help DBAs carry out certain ...
The input and output domains may be the same, such as for SUM, or may be different, such as for COUNT. Aggregate functions occur commonly in numerous programming languages, in spreadsheets, and in relational algebra. The listagg function, as defined in the SQL:2016 standard [2] aggregates data from multiple rows into a single concatenated string.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Microsoft SQL Server (Structured Query Language) is a proprietary relational database management system developed by Microsoft.As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).
Required skills for database administrators include knowledge of SQL, database queries, database theory, database design, specific databases, such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or MySQL, storage technologies, distributed computing architectures, operating systems, routine maintenance, recovery, and replication/failover. [3] [4] [5] [6]
Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is a software application developed by Microsoft that is used for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. First launched with Microsoft SQL Server 2005, it is the successor to the Enterprise Manager in SQL 2000 or before. The tool includes both script ...
In addition to basic equality and inequality conditions, SQL allows for more complex conditional logic through constructs such as CASE, COALESCE, and NULLIF. The CASE expression, for example, enables SQL to perform conditional branching within queries, providing a mechanism to return different values based on evaluated conditions. This logic ...
A GROUP BY statement in SQL specifies that a SQL SELECT statement partitions result rows into groups, based on their values in one or several columns. Typically, grouping is used to apply some sort of aggregate function for each group.