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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
The salt ponds of the salt works fall within San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge. [9] [30] The salinity of the salt ponds creates an environment which breeds brine flies (Ephydridae) and brine shrimp , a food source for the birds. [18] During the winter months, there are monthly tours out into the salt ponds to observe migratory birds. [31]
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid ( liquid or gas ).
Water jets are capable of cutting up to 6 in (150 mm) of metals and 18 in (460 mm) of most materials, [48] though in specialized coal mining applications, [49] water jets are capable of cutting up to 100 ft (30 m) using a 1 in (25 mm) nozzle. [50] Specially designed water jet cutters are commonly used to remove excess bitumen from road surfaces ...
Spray nozzles can have one or more outlets; a multiple outlet nozzle is known as a compound nozzle. Multiple outlets on nozzles are present on spray balls, which have been used in the brewing industry for many years for cleaning casks and kegs. [2] Spray nozzles range from those for heavy duty industrial uses to light duty spray cans or spray ...
Ultrapure water (UPW), high-purity water or highly purified water (HPW) is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Ultrapure water is a term commonly used in manufacturing to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including organic and inorganic compounds, dissolved and particulate matter, and ...
A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a tube which is pinched in the middle, with a rapid convergence and gradual divergence. It is used to accelerate a compressible fluid to supersonic speeds in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the thermal energy of the flow into kinetic energy .
A nozzle for a supersonic flow must increase in area in the flow direction, and a diffuser must decrease in area, opposite to a nozzle and diffuser for a subsonic flow. So, for a supersonic flow to develop from a reservoir where the velocity is zero, the subsonic flow must first accelerate through a converging area to a throat, followed by ...