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In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum-mechanical system that interacts with an external quantum system, which is known as the environment or a bath.In general, these interactions significantly change the dynamics of the system and result in quantum dissipation, such that the information contained in the system is lost to its environment.
In quantum mechanics, the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation (GKSL equation, named after Vittorio Gorini, Andrzej Kossakowski, George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad), master equation in Lindblad form, quantum Liouvillian, or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describing open quantum systems.
A quantum version of an adiabatic process can be modeled by an externally controlled time dependent Hamiltonian (). If the system is isolated, the dynamics are unitary, and therefore, is a constant. A quantum adiabatic process is defined by the energy entropy being constant.
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Extensions to driven-dissipative open quantum systems is given not only for bosonic systems, [4] but also for fermionic systems. [ 5 ] The Keldysh formalism provides a systematic way to study non-equilibrium systems, usually based on the two-point functions corresponding to excitations in the system.
Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems, quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. [1] It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method, developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer. [2]
Howard John Carmichael (born 17 January 1950) is a British-born New Zealand theoretical physicist specialising in quantum optics and the theory of open quantum systems. [1] [2] He is the Dan Walls Professor of Physics at the University of Auckland and a principal investigator of the Dodd-Walls Centre.