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Outside of number theory the simpler notation is often used, though it can be confused with the p-adic integers when n is a prime number. The multiplicative group of integers modulo n, which is the group of units in this ring, may be written as (depending on the author) (/), (/), (/), (/) (for German Einheit, which translates as unit), , or ...
The group scheme of n-th roots of unity is by definition the kernel of the n-power map on the multiplicative group GL(1), considered as a group scheme.That is, for any integer n > 1 we can consider the morphism on the multiplicative group that takes n-th powers, and take an appropriate fiber product of schemes, with the morphism e that serves as the identity.
n, and is called the group of units modulo n, or the group of primitive classes modulo n. As explained in the article multiplicative group of integers modulo n, this multiplicative group (× n) is cyclic if and only if n is equal to 2, 4, p k, or 2 p k where p k is a power of an odd prime number.
Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers can be naturally defined by using the rule = along with the associative, commutative, and distributive laws. Every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. This makes the complex numbers a field with the real numbers as a subfield.
The product and the multiplicative inverse of two roots of unity are also roots of unity. In fact, if x m = 1 and y n = 1, then (x −1) m = 1, and (xy) k = 1, where k is the least common multiple of m and n. Therefore, the roots of unity form an abelian group under multiplication. This group is the torsion subgroup of the circle group.
The circle group is more than just an abstract algebraic object. It has a natural topology when regarded as a subspace of the complex plane. Since multiplication and inversion are continuous functions on , the circle group has the structure of a topological group.
The 2-adic integers, with selected corresponding characters on their Pontryagin dual group. In mathematics, Pontryagin duality is a duality between locally compact abelian groups that allows generalizing Fourier transform to all such groups, which include the circle group (the multiplicative group of complex numbers of modulus one), the finite abelian groups (with the discrete topology), and ...
Let be a group, written multiplicatively, and let be a ring. The group ring of over , which we will denote by [], or simply , is the set of mappings : of finite support (() is nonzero for only finitely many elements ), where the module scalar product of a scalar in and a mapping is defined as the mapping (), and the module group sum of two mappings and is defined as the mapping () + ().
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