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This is a list of surfaces in mathematics. They are divided into minimal surfaces , ruled surfaces , non-orientable surfaces , quadrics , pseudospherical surfaces , algebraic surfaces , and other types of surfaces.
Diagram of thermodynamic surface from Maxwell's book Theory of Heat.The diagram is drawn roughly from the same angle as the upper left photo above, and shows the 3D axes e (energy, increasing downwards), ϕ (entropy, increasing to the lower right and out-of-plane), and v (volume, increasing to the upper right and into-plane).
Aerosol stencils have many practical applications and the stencil concept is used frequently in industrial, commercial, artistic, residential and recreational settings, as well as by the military, government and infrastructure management. A template is used to create an outline of the image.
3D curves — Example 01 3D curves — Example 02. Geometrical design (GD) is a branch of computational geometry.It deals with the construction and representation of free-form curves, surfaces, or volumes [1] and is closely related to geometric modeling.
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917. Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz Robert Rauschenberg, Portrait of Iris Clert 1961 Art & Language, Art-Language Vol. 3 Nr. 1, 1974. Conceptual art, also referred to as conceptualism, is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work are prioritized equally to or more than traditional aesthetic, technical, and material concerns.
The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers.The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.
Besides macroscopic bubble surfaces CMC surfaces are relevant for the shape of the gas–liquid interface on a superhydrophobic surface. [28] Like triply periodic minimal surfaces there has been interest in periodic CMC surfaces as models for block copolymers where the different components have a nonzero interfacial energy or tension. CMC ...
The concept also raises certain philosophical questions—for example, how thick is the layer of atoms or molecules that can be considered part of the surface of an object (i.e., where does the "surface" end and the "interior" begin), [2] [4] and do objects really have a surface at all if, at the subatomic level, they never actually come in ...