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The codex, the book format today in universal use, was invented by the Romans and spread by Roman Christians. [ 27 ] While much of the most influential Greek science and philosophy was developed before the rise of the Empire, major innovations occurred under Roman rule that have had a lasting impact on the intellectual world.
In the last years of his life Marcus, a philosopher as well as an emperor, wrote his book of Stoic philosophy known as the Meditations. The book has since been hailed as Marcus' great contribution to philosophy. When Marcus died in 180 the throne passed to his son Commodus, who had been elevated to the rank of co-emperor in 177.
The Epistle to the Romans [a] is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by Paul the Apostle to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of Jesus Christ. Romans was likely written while Paul was staying in the house of Gaius in Corinth.
Romans benefited from large profits, and incomes in the Roman empire were raised due to trade in the Mediterranean. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As the Pax Romana of the western world by Rome was largely contemporaneous to the Pax Sinica of the eastern world by Han China , [ 16 ] [ 17 ] long-distance travel and trade in Eurasian history was significantly ...
Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges, built from stone (and in most cases concrete) with the arch as the basic structure. The largest Roman bridge was Trajan's bridge over the lower Danube, constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built. [280]
Today, the only surviving portion of the Roman History is the part from 69 BC to 46 AD. Ammianus Marcellinus, in his 31 book history sometimes translated as The Roman History or The Roman Empire, described the time from the reign of Nerva to the Battle of Adrianople, though the first thirteen books are lost. Bringing into the remaining books ...
This first church history was revised and resumed by Rufinus in 402. Books written by Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen and Theodoret are the principal sources of ecclesiastic life until the mid-5th century. [8] [9] Orosius was the first scholar to integrate elements
The life of Severinus of Noricum gives glimpses of the general insecurity, and ultimate retreat of the Romans on the Upper Danube in the aftermath of Attila's death. The Romans were without adequate forces; the barbarians inflicted haphazard extortion, murder, kidnap, and plunder on the Romans and on each other.