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George Howard [2] has argued that Shem Tov's Matthew comes from a much earlier Hebrew text that was later translated into Greek and other languages. A characteristic feature of this Hebrew gospel is the appearance in 20 places of השם (HaShem, "the Name"), in the abbreviated form ה״, where the Gospel of Matthew has Κύριος ("the Lord").
George Eulan Howard (June 3, 1935 – November 21, 2018) was an American Hebraist, noted for his publication of an old Hebrew edition of Matthew. He was a full Professor Emeritus and Head of the Department of Religion and Hebrew (Ret.) at the University of Georgia , Athens, GA.
Shem Tov first page. The Shem Tov Matthew (or Shem Tob's Matthew) consists of a complete text of Gospel of Matthew in the Hebrew language found interspersed among anti-Catholic commentary in the 12th volume of a polemical treatise The Touchstone (c.1380-85) by Shem Tov ben Isaac ben Shaprut (Ibn Shaprut), a Jewish physician living in Aragon, after whom the version is named.
The Gospel of the Ebionites is the conventional name given by scholars [n 1] to an apocryphal gospel extant only as seven brief quotations in a heresiology known as the Panarion, by Epiphanius of Salamis; [n 2] he misidentified it as the "Hebrew" gospel, believing it to be a truncated and modified version of the Gospel of Matthew. [1]
The idea that Matthew wrote a gospel in a language other than Greek begins with Papias of Hierapolis, c. 125–150 AD. [2] In a passage with several ambiguous phrases, he wrote: "Matthew collected the oracles (logia – sayings of or about Jesus) in the Hebrew language (Hebraïdi dialektōi — perhaps alternatively "Hebrew style") and each one interpreted (hērmēneusen — or "translated ...
The Hebrew Gospel hypothesis or proto-Gospel hypothesis or original Gospel hypothesis[1] is a group of related theories commonly taking as their starting point the testimony of some early church fathers such as Jerome that Matthew the Apostle had originally written a gospel in Hebrew, or the "Hebrew language" which at the time was just as ...
Didier Fontaine interprets Howard as saying that the term Ha-Shem appeared in the original New Testament and considers interesting that, while Howard's claim that this gospel is really a relatively primitive form of the Gospel of Matthew met with widespread and sometimes "virulent" criticism, there was "complete silence" regarding this idea. [202]
The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition (2009) James R. Edwards (born 1945) is an American New Testament scholar. [ 1 ] His primary research interests include Biblical studies and the history of the early church [ broken anchor ] , with secondary interests in the Reformation and history of the twentieth-century German ...