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The term "vitamin K antagonist" is a misnomer, as the drugs do not directly antagonise the action of vitamin K in the pharmacological sense, but rather the recycling of vitamin K. Vitamin K is required for the proper production of certain proteins involved in the blood clotting process.
4-Hydroxycoumarins are a class of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) anticoagulant drug molecules. Chemically, they are derived from coumarin by adding a hydroxy group at the 4 position to obtain 4-hydroxycoumarin , then adding a large aromatic substituent at the 3-position (the ring-carbon between the hydroxyl and the carbonyl).
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [6] [7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [8] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [7] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [7]
Brodifacoum is a 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant, with a similar mode of action to its historical predecessors dicoumarol and warfarin.However, due to very high potency and long duration of action (elimination half-life of 20 – 130 days), it is characterised as a "second-generation" or "superwarfarin" anticoagulant.
See warfarin for a more detailed discovery history. Identified in 1940, dicoumarol became the prototype of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant drug class. Dicoumarol itself, for a short time, was employed as a medicinal anticoagulant drug, but since the mid-1950s has been replaced by its simpler derivative warfarin, and other 4-hydroxycoumarin ...
One cup of beet greens has 12% of the daily value of vitamin C and more than 100% of your daily vitamin K. In other words, they are good for the immune system , blood clotting and bone health ...
Lengyel M (December 2004). "[Warfarin or acenocoumarol is better in the anticoagulant treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation?]". Orvosi Hetilap. 145 (52): 2619– 2621. PMID 15724697. Ufer M (2005). "Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 44 (12): 1227– 1246.
Phenprocoumon is an inhibitor of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Vitamin K is needed to activate the coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X [9] and the anticoagulation factors protein C and protein S, [10] in which process it turns into vitamin K 2,3-epoxide. This is then recycled to vitamin K in a process involving VKOR.