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It originated in the 1930s' Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on factory productivity. The movement viewed workers in terms of their psychology and fit with companies , rather than as interchangeable parts , and it resulted in the creation of the discipline of human relations ...
[12] The Hawthorne studies also concluded that although financial motives were important, social factors are just as important in defining the worker-productivity. The Hawthorne Effect was the improvement of productivity between the employees, characterized by: The satisfactory interrelationships between the coworkers
Following the Hawthorne Studies motivation became a focal point in the Organizational behavioral community. A range of theories emerged in the 1950s and 1960s and include theories from notable Organizational behavioral researchers such as: Frederick Herzberg , Abraham Maslow , David McClelland , Victor Vroom , and Douglas McGregor .
The Hawthorne effect is a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The effect was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant; however, some scholars think the descriptions are fictitious.
High-commitment management is a management approach that focuses on fostering employee empowerment, personal responsibility, and decentralized decision-making at all levels of an organization. Unlike traditional hierarchical management styles, this approach distributes authority to encourage greater engagement and initiative among employees. [1]
After the Hawthorne Studies, Fritz J. Roethlisberger's continued to study organizational behavior, particularly human relations, at Harvard Business School. [4] His focus remained on improving worker-manager relationships, advocating for a human-centric approach to organizational studies.
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the effective and efficient management of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a competitive advantage. It is designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer's strategic objectives.
Incorporating this approach to participatory management facilitates shared learning and makes the institution and team development stronger, through the contribution of individuals. Communicating values, creating a safe and comfortable environment along with a genuine and concerted effort should be at the foundation of an organization or ...