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The free androgen index is intended to give a guide to the free testosterone level, but it is not very accurate (especially in males — see endocrine society commentary below). Consequently, there are no universally agreed 'normal ranges', and levels slightly above or below quoted laboratory reference ranges may not be clinically significant.
It has been shown that exogenous administration of testosterone does not affect levels of epitestosterone in the body. As a result, tests to determine the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone in urine are used to find athletes who are doping. [5] A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. [6]
3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine or TMB is a chromogenic substrate used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualising reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (). [1]
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The four testosterone esters are as follows; 30 mg testosterone propionate [1] 60 mg testosterone phenylpropionate [1] 60 mg testosterone isocaproate [1] 100 mg testosterone decanoate [1] Cumulatively, a 1 ml of the oil solution contains exactly 250 mg of above mentioned testosterone esters.
The ratio is often used as a biomarker of physiological stress in athletes during training, during athletic performance, and during recovery, and has been explored as a predictor of performance. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] At least among weight-lifters , the ratio tracks linearly with increases in training volume over the first year of training but the ...
The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI. [4] In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport. [5]
Testosterone and estradiol circulate in the bloodstream, loosely bound mostly to serum albumin (~54%), and to a lesser extent bound tightly to SHBG (~44%). Only a very small fraction of about 1 to 2% is unbound, or "free," and thus biologically active and able to enter a cell and activate its receptor.