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Increased arterial stiffness is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The World Health Organization identified cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death globally in 2019.
Numbness and tingling in an arm or leg [1] [2] Paleness [1] [2] of the skin of the arm or leg; Muscle weakness of an arm or leg, [1] [2] possibly to the grade of paralysis [2] Later symptoms are closely related to infarction of the tissue supplied by the occluded artery: Blisters of the skin in the affected area [1] Shedding of skin ...
Vascular access steal syndrome is a syndrome caused by ischemia (not enough blood flow) resulting from a vascular access device (such as an arteriovenous fistula or synthetic vascular graft–AV fistula) that was installed to provide access for the inflow and outflow of blood during hemodialysis.
TOS can involve only part of the hand (as in the pinky and adjacent half of the ring finger), all of the hand, or the inner aspect of the forearm and upper arm. Pain can also be in the side of the neck, the pectoral area below the clavicle, the armpit/axillary area, and the upper back (i.e., the trapezius and rhomboid area).
If blood flow through the coronary arteries is stopped completely, cardiac muscle cells may die, known as a myocardial infarction, or heart attack. [9] Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of coronary ischemia. [7] Coronary ischemia and coronary artery disease are contributors to the development of heart failure over time. [10]
Other causes include vasculitis and in situ thrombosis related to hypercoagulable states. [53] Additional mechanisms of peripheral artery disease include arterial spasm and fibromuscular dysplasia. [19] The cause and pathophysiology of arterial spasm are not fully understood, but it is hypothesized that they can occur secondary to trauma. [54]
Atherosclerosis [a] is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, [8] characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and is driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. [9]
In hypertensive patients, a high pulse pressure can often be an indicator of conduit artery stiffness (stiffness of the major arteries). [13] When the arterial walls are stiffer (less compliant), the heart has to beat harder to overcome the resistance from the stiff arteries, resulting in an increased pulse pressure. [14]
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