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Ethernet devices must allow a minimum idle period between transmission of Ethernet packets. [1] A brief recovery time between packets allows devices to prepare for reception of the next packet. While some physical layer variants literally transmit nothing during the idle period, most modern ones continue to transmit an idle pattern signal.
This rule is also designated the 5-4-3-2-1 rule with there being two link segments (without senders) and one collision domain. [ 3 ] An alternate configuration rule, known as the Ethernet way , allows 2 repeaters on the single network and does not allow any hosts on the connection between repeaters.
The physical-layer specifications of the Ethernet family of computer network standards are published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which defines the electrical or optical properties and the transfer speed of the physical connection between a device and the network or between network devices.
802.3 Ethernet packet and frame structure Layer Preamble Start frame delimiter (SFD) MAC destination MAC source 802.1Q tag (optional) Ethertype (Ethernet II) or length (IEEE 802.3) Payload Frame check sequence (32‑bit CRC) Interpacket gap (IPG) Length 7: 1: 6: 6 (4) 2: 42–1500 [c] 4: 12 Layer 2 Ethernet frame (not part of the frame) ← 64 ...
IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of standards defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet. The standards are produced by the working group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
The physical coding sublayer (PCS) is a networking protocol sublayer in the Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards. It resides at the top of the physical layer (PHY), and provides an interface between the physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer and the media-independent interface (MII).
The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB 3.0 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.
Autonegotiation can be used by devices that are capable of more than one transmission rate, different duplex modes (half duplex and full duplex), and different transmission standards at the same speed (though in practice only one standard at each speed is widely supported).