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It is not known if nitrous oxide causes drug dependency but its use can be habit-forming. [1] Death can result if it is inhaled in such a way that not enough oxygen is breathed in. While the pure gas is not acutely toxic, it inactivates vitamin B 12, [8] with continued use causing neurological damage due to peripheral and central demyelination. [3]
In 1911, the anaesthetist Arthur Ernest Guedel first described the use of self-administration of a nitrous oxide and oxygen mix. It was not until 1961 that the first paper was published by Michael Tunstall and others, describing the administration of a pre-mixed 50:50 nitrous oxide and oxygen mix, which led to the commercialisation of the product.
Nitrous oxide atmospheric concentration since 1978 Annual growth rate of atmospheric nitrous oxide since 2000 Earth's nitrous oxide budget from the Global Carbon Project (2020) [57] Nitrous oxide is a minor component of Earth's atmosphere and is an active part of the planetary nitrogen cycle .
Nitrous oxide is thought to be particularly non-toxic, though heavy long-term use can lead to a variety of serious health problems linked to the destruction of vitamin B12 and folic acid. [17] [18] Nitrous oxide "whippets" are small aerosol containers designed for charging whipped cream dispensers.
Nitrous oxide: legally used by dentists as an anxiolytic and anaesthetic, it is also used recreationally by users who obtain it from whipped cream canisters (whippets or whip-its) (see inhalant), as it causes perceptual effects, a "high" and at higher doses, hallucinations.
Medications: long-term use of certain medications can result in poor absorption of dietary vitamin B 12. [1] These include medications to treat heartburn, and metformin to treat diabetes. [132] [133] A genetic disorder, transcobalamin II deficiency, or Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome can be a cause. Nitrous oxide exposure, and recreational use ...
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) was an English polymath who discovered nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, and (along with Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier) oxygen. Beginning in 1775, Priestley published his research in Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air , a six-volume work. [ 78 ]
Anesthetic risk factors include the use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), opioids, and longer duration of anesthesia. Patient factors that confer increased risk for PONV include female gender, obesity , age less than 16 years, past history of motion sickness or chemotherapy-induced nausea, high levels of preoperative anxiety , and ...