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The propositions for the degree of sums and products of polynomials in the above section do not apply, if any of the polynomials involved is the zero polynomial. [8] It is convenient, however, to define the degree of the zero polynomial to be negative infinity, , and to introduce the arithmetic rules [9]
The integral of an odd function from −A to +A is zero (where A can be finite or infinite, and the function has no vertical asymptotes between −A and A). For an odd function that is integrable over a symmetric interval, e.g. [,], the result of the integral over that interval is zero; that is [2]
Every real polynomial of odd degree has an odd number of real roots (counting multiplicities); likewise, a real polynomial of even degree must have an even number of real roots. Consequently, real odd polynomials must have at least one real root (because the smallest odd whole number is 1), whereas even polynomials may have none.
Unlike other constant polynomials, its degree is not zero. Rather, the degree of the zero polynomial is either left explicitly undefined, or defined as negative (either −1 or −∞). [10] The zero polynomial is also unique in that it is the only polynomial in one indeterminate that has an infinite number of roots.
The number of positive real roots is at most the number of sign changes in the sequence of the polynomial's coefficients (omitting zero coefficients), and the difference between the root count and the sign change count is always even. In particular, when the number of sign changes is zero or one, then there are exactly zero or one positive roots.
When in addition m is even, the function is a polynomial. When m is zero and ℓ integer, these functions are identical to the Legendre polynomials. In general, when ℓ and m are integers, the regular solutions are sometimes called "associated Legendre polynomials", even though they are not polynomials when m is odd.
A cubic function with real coefficients has either one or three real roots (which may not be distinct); [1] all odd-degree polynomials with real coefficients have at least one real root. The graph of a cubic function always has a single inflection point. It may have two critical points, a local minimum and a local maximum.
The largest zero of this polynomial which corresponds to the second largest zero of the original polynomial is found at 3 and is circled in red. The degree 5 polynomial is now divided by () to obtain = + + which is shown in yellow. The zero for this polynomial is found at 2 again using Newton's method and is circled in yellow.