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These can be categorized into three groups; cestodes, nematodes and trematodes. Examples include: Acanthocephala; Ascariasis (roundworms) Cestoda (tapeworms) including: Taenia saginata (human beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (human pork tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) and Echinococcosis (hydatid tapeworm)
Cestodes are parasites of vertebrates, with each species infecting a single definitive host or group of closely related host species. All but amphilinids and gyrocotylids (which burrow through the gut or body wall to reach the coelom [ 6 ] ) are intestinal, though some life cycle stages rest in muscle or other tissues.
Cyclophyllidea (the cyclophyllid cestodes) is the order of Cestoda (tapeworm).It is the largest and most diverse order of Cestoda (tapeworm), encompassing species that infect all classes of terrestrial tetrapods including humans and domesticated animals, [1] and includes species with some of the most severe health impact on wildlife, livestock, and humans.
Vertebrates, the best-studied group, are hosts to between 75,000 and 300,000 species of helminths and an uncounted number of parasitic microorganisms. On average, a mammal species hosts four species of nematode, two of trematodes, and two of cestodes. [85] Humans have 342 species of helminth parasites, and 70 species of protozoan parasites. [86]
The phylum Platyhelminthes includes two classes of worms of particular medical significance: the cestodes (tapeworms) and the trematodes (flukes and blood flukes), depending on whether or not they have segmented bodies. [1] [8] There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, [9] and as many as 300 affecting humans ...
The fine structure of tegument is essentially the same in both the cestodes and trematodes. A typical tegument is 7-16 μm thick, with distinct layers. It is a syncytium consisting of multinucleated tissues with no distinct cell boundaries. The outer zone of the syncytium, called the "distal cytoplasm," is lined with a plasma membrane.
Other internal parasites are found living inside fish gills, include encysted adult didymozoid trematodes, [15] a few trichosomoidid nematodes of the genus Huffmanela, including Huffmanela ossicola which lives within the gill bone, [16] and the encysted parasitic turbellarian Paravortex. [17]
Macroparasites [8] (worms or helminths) including nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, tapeworms (cestodes), and flukes (trematodes, such as schistosomes). Diseases caused by helminths are sometimes termed infestations, but are sometimes called infections.