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In thermodynamics, dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that affects a thermodynamic system.In a dissipative process, energy (internal, bulk flow kinetic, or system potential) transforms from an initial form to a final form, where the capacity of the final form to do thermodynamic work is less than that of the initial form.
The energy dispersal approach avoids the ambiguous term 'disorder'. An early advocate of the energy dispersal conception was Edward A. Guggenheim in 1949, using the word 'spread'. [1] [2] In this alternative approach, entropy is a measure of energy dispersal or spread at a specific temperature.
This energy gained by the object comes from its orbital energy and/or rotational energy, so over time in a two-body system, the initial elliptical orbit decays into a circular orbit (tidal circularization) and the rotational periods of the two bodies adjust towards matching the orbital period (tidal locking). Sustained tidal heating occurs when ...
The physical interpretation is that () is the energy stored in the system, whereas ((), ()) is the energy that is supplied to the system. This notion has a strong connection with Lyapunov stability , where the storage functions may play, under certain conditions of controllability and observability of the dynamical system, the role of Lyapunov ...
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. [1] This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other metabolic and enzymatic processes that lead to ...
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem was proven by Herbert Callen and Theodore Welton in 1951 [1] and expanded by Ryogo Kubo. There are antecedents to the general theorem, including Einstein 's explanation of Brownian motion [ 2 ] during his annus mirabilis and Harry Nyquist 's explanation in 1928 of Johnson noise in electrical resistors.
Thermogenesis is the process of heat production in organisms.It occurs in all warm-blooded animals, and also in a few species of thermogenic plants such as the Eastern skunk cabbage, the Voodoo lily (Sauromatum venosum), and the giant water lilies of the genus Victoria.
Therefore, only relative free energy values, or changes in free energy, are physically meaningful. The free energy is the portion of any first-law energy that is available to perform thermodynamic work at constant temperature, i.e., work mediated by thermal energy. Free energy is subject to irreversible loss in the course of such work. [1]