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The chain-ladder or development [1] method is a prominent [2] [3] actuarial loss reserving technique. The chain-ladder method is used in both the property and casualty [1] [4] and health insurance [5] fields. Its intent is to estimate incurred but not reported claims and project ultimate loss amounts. [5]
A life annuity is an annuity whose payments are contingent on the continuing life of the annuitant. The age of the annuitant is an important consideration in calculating the actuarial present value of an annuity. The age of the annuitant is placed at the bottom right of the symbol, without an "angle" mark. For example:
Given the edge length .The surface area of a truncated tetrahedron is the sum of 4 regular hexagons and 4 equilateral triangles' area, and its volume is: [2] =, =.. The dihedral angle of a truncated tetrahedron between triangle-to-hexagon is approximately 109.47°, and that between adjacent hexagonal faces is approximately 70.53°.
The area of a triangle can be demonstrated, for example by means of the congruence of triangles, as half of the area of a parallelogram that has the same base length and height. A graphic derivation of the formula T = h 2 b {\displaystyle T={\frac {h}{2}}b} that avoids the usual procedure of doubling the area of the triangle and then halving it.
Triangles have many types based on the length of the sides and the angles. A triangle whose sides are all the same length is an equilateral triangle, [3] a triangle with two sides having the same length is an isosceles triangle, [4] [a] and a triangle with three different-length sides is a scalene triangle. [7]
Two edges have dihedral angles of 90°, and four edges have dihedral angles of 60°. Some tetragonal disphenoids will form honeycombs. The disphenoid whose four vertices are (-1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), and (0, 1, -1) is such a disphenoid. [13] [14] Each of its four faces is an isosceles triangle with edges of lengths √ 3, √ 3, and 2.
The angles of proper spherical triangles are (by convention) less than π, so that < + + < (Todhunter, [1] Art.22,32). In particular, the sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is strictly greater than the sum of the angles of a triangle defined on the Euclidean plane, which is always exactly π radians.
Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]