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Pervasive racial and/or ethnic misclassification is also related to a weaker sense of racial/ethnic identity, [42] which has negative consequences for the self-esteem and self-image of groups that face racism. [43]
The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. [1] At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most recent United States census recognized five racial categories (White, Black, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander), as well as people who belong to two or more of the racial categories.
Race-norming, more formally called within-group score conversion and score adjustment strategy, is the practice of adjusting test scores to account for the race or ethnicity of the test-taker. [1] In the United States, it was first implemented by the Federal Government in 1981 with little publicity, [ 2 ] and was subsequently outlawed by the ...
One of the intended outcomes of the Act was to narrow the class and racial achievement gap in the United States by instituting common expectations for all students. [177] Test scores have shown to be improving for minority children at the same rate as for Caucasian children, maintaining a gap. [178]
Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. [1] The term came into common usage during the 16th century, when it was used to refer to groups of various kinds, including those characterized by close kinship relations. [2]
Racial and Ethnic Demographics of the United States (Total Numbers) Between 1930 and 2020 [16] [17] [18] Race/Ethnic Group 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 [a] 1980 1990 2000 [b]
The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. [3] [4] [5] From the first United States Census in 1790 to the 1960 Census, the government's census enumerators chose a person's race. Racial categories changed over time, with different groups being added and removed with each census.
Early racial classification attempts measured surface traits, particularly skin color, hair color and texture, eye color, and head size and shape. (Measurements of the latter through craniometry were repeatedly discredited in the late 19th and mid-20th centuries due to a lack of correlation of phenotypic traits with racial categorization. [ 42 ] )