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The history of contingency theories of leadership goes back over more than 100 years, with foundational ideas rooted in the mechanical thought of Taylorism. Later, management science began to recognize the influence of sometimes irrational human perceptions on worker performance.
A number of theories developed regarding state development in Europe. Other theories focused on the creation of states in late colonial and post-colonial societies. [96] The lessons from these studies of the formation of states in the modern period are often used in theories about State-building. Other theories contend that the state in Europe ...
The "managerial state" is a concept used in critiquing modern procedural democracy. [ ambiguous ] The concept is used largely, though not exclusively, in paleolibertarian , paleoconservative , and anarcho-capitalist critiques of late modern state power in Western democracies.
The cover of The Peter Principle (1970 Pan Books edition). The Peter principle is a concept in management developed by Laurence J. Peter which observes that people in a hierarchy tend to rise to "a level of respective incompetence": employees are promoted based on their success in previous jobs until they reach a level at which they are no longer competent, as skills in one job do not ...
The Administrative State is Dwight Waldo's classic public administration text based on a dissertation written at Yale University.In the book, Waldo argues that democratic states are underpinned by professional and political bureaucracies and that scientific management and efficiency is not the core idea of government bureaucracy, but rather it is service to the public.
The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. [citation needed] The Harvard Business School offered the first Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) in 1921. People like Henri Fayol (1841–1925) and Alexander Church (1866–1936) described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships.
Most political theories of the state can roughly be classified into two categories: "liberal" or "conservative" theories treat capitalism as a given, and then concentrate on the function of states in capitalist society. These theories tend to see the state as a neutral entity, separated from society and the economy.
In addition, the dynamics of relations between the political elites in the ruling coalition also influence the interaction between the state and society. Secondly, the theory overlooks the fundamental problem of the state's acquisition of a monopoly on violence (how a coalition that structures the state and society emerges). [5]