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The medieval Bulgarian Empire had active relations with Eastern Thrace before the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the 14th–15th century: the area was often part of the Bulgarian state under its stronger rulers from Krum's reign on, such as Simeon I and Ivan Asen II; the city of Edirne (Adrianople, Odrin) was under Bulgarian control a number of times.
The Council of Ministers sent an instruction to governors, and an aid committee was requested to act in a planned manner in the care and accommodation of Turks migrating from Bulgaria. At the time, while Turkey was accommodating refugees, the two countries exchanged notes and blamed each other: Bulgaria claimed that Turkey was not treating ...
Though it sought an agreement with Bulgaria regarding the migration of Bulgarian Turks from the start, [17] towards the beginning of the "Big Excursion" Turkey vowed to accept the entire estimated population of Bulgarian Turks if necessary and suggested it would be able to integrate the expellees. [25]
By May 1989, the Bulgarian authorities began to expel the Turks; when the Turkish government's efforts to negotiate with Bulgaria for an orderly migration failed, Turkey opened its borders to Bulgaria on 2 June 1989. However, on 21 August 1989, Turkey reintroduced immigration visa requirements for Bulgarian Turks.
As of 8 January 2025, Bulgarian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 178 countries and territories, ranking the Bulgarian passport 15th overall in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passports of Monaco and Romania), according to the Henley & Partners Passport Index. [1]
Turkey was chair of the Global Forum on Migration and Development. Turkey hosted the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Turkey participates in bilateral migration negotiations, discussions and consultations, in particular with EU member states. Examples are: Budapest Process [37] Prague Process [38] Almaty Process [39] Bali Process. [40]
In the Second World War that soon followed, Turkey remained neutral, while Bulgaria cooperated with the Axis powers. After the end of the war, Bulgaria became a Soviet satellite state and part of the Warsaw Pact as the People's Republic of Bulgaria, while Turkey pursued a pro-Western foreign policy and joined NATO. [1]
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