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[2] [3] The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomic DNA. [4] In this context, the standard genetic code is referred to as 'translation table 1' among other tables. [3] It can also be represented in a DNA codon table. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the sense DNA strand and are arranged in a 5 ′-to-3 ′ direction.
Alternative start codons are different from the standard AUG codon and are found in both prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes. Alternate start codons are still translated as Met when they are at the start of a protein (even if the codon encodes a different amino acid otherwise). This is because a separate tRNA is used for ...
The coding mechanism is the same for all organisms: three-base codons, tRNA, ribosomes, single direction reading and translating single codons into single amino acids. [69] The most extreme variations occur in certain ciliates where the meaning of stop codons depends on their position within mRNA.
A The codon AUG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AUG in an mRNA's coding region is where translation into protein begins. [ 7 ] Differences from the standard code
The scanning of an mRNA continues until the first AUG codon on the mRNA is reached, this is known as the "First AUG Rule". [1] While exceptions to the "First AUG Rule" exist, most exceptions take place at a second AUG codon that is located 3 to 5 nucleotides downstream from the first AUG, or within 10 nucleotides from the 5′ end of the mRNA ...
Proteins are translated by reading tri-nucleotides on the mRNA strand, also known as codons, from one end of the mRNA to the other (from the 5' to the 3' end) starting with the amino acid methionine as the start (initiation) codon AUG. Each codon is translated into a single amino acid.
Eukaryotic mRNA precursors must be processed in the nucleus (e.g., capping, polyadenylation, splicing) in ribosomes before they are exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Translation can also be affected by ribosomal pausing, which can trigger endonucleolytic attack of the tRNA, a process termed mRNA no-go decay. Ribosomal pausing also aids ...
For example, all three positions of methionine's AUG are non-degenerate, because the only codon coding for methionine is AUG. The same goes for tryptophan's UGG. [2]: 521–522 There are three amino acids encoded by six different codons: serine, leucine, and arginine. Only two amino acids are specified by a single codon each.